ʻO nā ʻāpana kaʻa he huahana e hana ana i kēlā me kēia ʻāpana o ke kaʻa holoʻokoʻa a lawelawe i ke kaʻa. Nui nā ʻano ʻāpana kaʻa, me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana o ke kūlana ola o ka poʻe, ke piʻi nei ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka poʻe i nā kaʻa, a ke ulu nui nei ka mākeke o nā ʻāpana kaʻa. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ke ulu wikiwiki nei nā mea hana ʻāpana kaʻa. ʻO ka mea mua, ka hoʻāʻo sila ʻana o ka cylinder engine
ʻEhiku mau kumu e pili ana i ke sila ʻana o ka cylinder, ʻo ia hoʻi ka ʻaʻahu o ka cylinder, ka hōʻino ʻana o ke apo piston, ka ʻaʻahu piston, ka hōʻino ʻana o ka noho valve, ka ʻaʻahu o ke alakaʻi valve, ka hōʻino ʻana o ka gasket cylinder, ka ʻae ʻana o ka valve a me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe o ka pilikia.
He aha nā ʻano hana maʻamau no ka ʻike ʻana i ke kaomi o ka cylinder, ke kahawai kinoea o ka crankcase, ka leakage o ka cylinder a me ka nui o ka leakage, ka vacuum o ka paipu lawe, ka hui piston o ka cylinder ma muli o ke komo nui ʻana i ke ana haʻalulu kūpono ʻole, a ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka metala crankcase ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka nui o nā ʻāpana.
No ke ana ʻana o ke kaomi hoʻopili cylinder, ʻo ia ke kaomi ma ka hopena o ka hoʻopili ʻenekini ʻehā-hahau. Ma muli o ke kaomi cylinder a me ka viscosity o ka ʻaila a me ka hui piston cylinder, ua pololei ka hoʻoponopono ʻana o ka ʻano valve, ke sila ʻana o ka pad cylinder a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, no laila, i ke ana ʻana i ke kaomi o ka cylinder engine, hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i ke sila o ka hui piston cylinder, inā maikaʻi ke apo piston, valve, sila pad cylinder, a laila pono ke kūpono o ka valve clearance.
